Each mode is characterized by the air-fuel ratio. The engine management system continually chooses among three combustion modes: ultra lean burn, stoichiometric, and full power output. Adding this function to the EMS requires considerable enhancement of its processing and memory, as direct injection plus the engine speed management must have very precise algorithms for good performance and drivability. Engine speed is controlled by the engine control unit/engine management system (EMS), which regulates fuel injection function and ignition timing, instead of having a throttle plate that restricts the incoming air supply. In addition, there are no throttling losses in some GDI engines, when compared to a conventional fuel-injected or carbureted engine, which greatly improves efficiency, and reduces 'pumping losses' in engines without a throttle plate. The cited gains are achieved by the precise control over the amount of fuel and injection timings that are varied according to the load conditions. Emissions levels can also be more accurately controlled with the GDI system. The major advantages of a GDI engine are increased fuel efficiency and high power output.
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